Environmental Pollution and Control

Questions: 1. For what reason is it imperative to constrain worldwide temperature changes to beneath 2C warming?2. Is the COP21 in Paris thought about a triumph or a disappointment? Clarify your answer?3. Contrast their INDCs with deference with: responsibilities to decrease carbon outflows, ranger service security vitality impression, and mechanical support?4. As you would like to think, do you imagine that these IDNCs will be powerful in controlling environmental change Why or why not? Answers: 1. The sign of 2C portrays that worldwide temperatures has ascended by 2 degree centigrade that is over the pre-mechanical normal worth. This is the benchmark esteem that the researchers made sense of. On the off chance that the temperature is transcending the two degree centigrade, at that point it would dangerously affect the atmosphere (12). Researchers propose that over the temperature of 2 degree the impact caused because of an unnatural weather change would be irreversible. The hotter the earth turns into the scope of the earth atmosphere would go astray out from the characteristic scope of the atmosphere (13). The impacts of the temperatures going over 2 degree centigrade are as per the following: The quick impact of an unnatural weather change is increment in the temperatures universally. Over the most recent 100 years the normal worldwide temperature has expanded above 0.8 degree Celsius as per the report indicated by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (3). The account starts at the year in 1895 and the most sizzling temperature was recorded in the year 2012. It was recorded as the tenth hottest year; such is the impact of a worldwide temperature alteration. Extraordinary state of the climate is additionally liable for an Earth-wide temperature boost (9). The climatic changes cause the relocation of fly stream toward the south. This outcomes in bringing the cool Arctic air. In this way, a few states are having a cool spell out of nowhere in any event, when the pattern of a worldwide temperature alteration wins. A dangerous atmospheric devation likewise prompts the extraordinary climate that may be hot and cold. The zone of snow shrouded in the States has consist ently diminished and the normal temperature of permafrost has developed hotter. The a dangerous atmospheric devation is the most sensational impacts are the decrease in Arctic ocean ice (11). The task investigations show that the Arctic Sea would be liberated from ice throughout the late spring months. The most hurtful impact of an unnatural weather change is icy retreat. The other most hurtful impact is the fermentation of the sea and the expanding of the ocean levels. The ocean levels have transcended 8 crawls in 1870. The pace of expanding the ocean levels has influenced the seaside zones. As the degree of Carbon Dioxide builds the sea engrossing the CO2 expands the acridity of ocean water. This builds the casualty of ocean creatures (10). A worldwide temperature alteration prompted the commencement of warmth wave that is perilous, heavy downpour and flooding, harming coral reefs and moving species that are been talked about beneath. The focuses are talked about in subtleties underneath: Hazardous Heat Wave: Global warming caused because of the movement of people. This a worldwide temperature alteration has a solid effect like risky warmth wave that may murder the individuals (3). The warmth wave that has just hit in the landmass of Europe in the time of 2003 killed around 27000 individuals and breaks the record of human fatalities brought about ordinarily. The warmth additionally had impact like dry season and out of control fire that wrecked the agribusiness and the European economy confronted a deficiency of 14.7 billion dollar (4). Heavy Rain and Flooding: The accessible data shows that because of a worldwide temperature alteration the force of precipitation increment that lead to the heavy precipitation and in the long run flooding in the time of 1999 (5). Venezuela confronted such a flooding in, that year followed by huge avalanches and flooding the murdered approx 30000 individuals Harm to Coral Reefs: Over the most recent 25 years world have seen the occasions of blanching of coral that had prompted the passing of the coral reefs. The biggest blanching was recorded in the time of 1997 that lead to the demise of 16% of coral reef all around and furthermore incorporates the passing of old coral reefs. Moving Species: On and around 1400 species beginning from fishes to vertebrates are moving to the higher elevations for the extraordinary temperature condition because of a dangerous atmospheric devation. This causes unsettling influences in environmental changes and the species at the higher height builds that expands the opposition for endurance. 2. The reason for meeting is to survey the advancement of the countries in the field of progress in atmosphere and the understandings are haggled with the assistance of defining the objectives to lessen the outflows of the ozone harming substance, which is exclusively answerable for driving the adjustment in atmosphere. The past gatherings like COP3 in Kyoto, Japan that created the Montreal Action Plan and COP 15 in Copenhagen, Denmark confronted an enormous disappointment as the understanding of the coupling was not reached. The objective of COP 21 was held for keeping the an unnatural weather change beneath 2 degree centigrade as the researchers denoted that as the edge esteem. The objective is excessively hard to accomplished as the planet has just been warmed by 0.85 degree centigrade. In this manner to diminish the warming of the planet underneath 2 degree centigrade it requires a critical minimization of the decrease of green house gases (14). The achievement of COP 21 is feasible just if the countries adjust the concession to the field of lawful restricting that they would make critical strides in limiting the discharge of carbon gases and have a plan to keep the temperature beneath the edge furthest reaches of 2 degree centigrade. The arrangement in COP 21 in Paris separated from having a point of keeping the temperature ascend underneath 2 degree centigrade additionally centers around the budgetary and prudent viewpoint. The gathering held recently had submitted a measure of 100 billion dollar for each year from the created nations to help the creating countries for building a reasonable turn of events. The disappointment and accomplishment of the COP21 would be a lot of reliant on the above issues. COP 21 assisted with bringing the certainty back during the time spent UN after the disappointment of COP 11 IN Copenhagen. The reporters express that COP 21 has a political achievement. It includes all the gatherings just because as all the individuals from the business to the low salary has made a vow for cooperating in lessening the carbon emanation (14). There are a few different issues that are been the purpose of analysis. The inquiries emerge with the foundation of the understanding. The regions of concern like keeping the estimation of temperature ascend beneath 2 degree. Governmental issues has likewise assumed a significant job in the choice with respect to the reasonable turn of events (15). Along these lines the arrangement shows up as the solid call taken by the researcher to diminish carbon discharge and the governmental issues of the nation then again that probably won't prompt the emanation of carbon gases as they utilize the source as petroleum derivative. In this way, the COP 21 on the general view has accomplished the more noteworthy level of achievement than disappointment. The above diagram proposed that COP21 isn't at all a disappointment like COP 15 in Copenhagen. COP 21 additionally executed that the report of INDCS ought to be presented like clockwork which will assist with monitoring each countrys commitment for confining the temperature ascend to 2degree centigrade. Paris Agreement merits progression as it sounded considerable establishment primarily for the environmental change in the worldwide ground. COP21 has been a triumph and ended up being defining moment for asserting the gatherings, spectators, significant, activists and numerous new outlets. The progression in Paris gave political, residential capital that helps in expanding the opportunity for the legislature for executing the responsibilities. The substance of the understanding was vigorously arranged, the dedication of every one of the gatherings were being disregarded. As of late, the UNFCCC combined INDC that got assessed for sum just about 3 degree warming before the century's over. In the greater part of the responsibilities it is seen unmistakably that, any business huge or little or confined or globalized, the solid development of the atmosphere. Paris understanding spotlights on the progression of the innovation by moving the innovation at various stages. For moving to the zero emanation economy, all the member nations must partake for trhe need to change. Be that as it may, late investigation by the Climate-KIC study, significant organizations are not in the slightest degree certain to be the part for the change. We despite everything need to comprehend the open doors for changing of the atmosphere that it makes. Each nation must should know about the effect of the environmental change. 3. Nations Responsibilities to diminish carbon discharges Ranger service Protection Vitality Footprints Innovative Support Myanmar The nation swore to diminish the carbon discharge by 16% (10) The deforestation activity taken Myanmar to save the backwoods is 45% of the all out land. The vitality impressions are diminished by 18% by having control on various kinds of contamination by Myanmar. 16% of the innovation support is acquired by the nation. Thailand The discharge of green house gas is just 0.84% in this nation. In COP 21 the nation has chosen and promises to diminish the carbon outflow by 20%. The woods reservation is 21% with executing the arrangement of deforestation. The vitality impression decreased is by 23% by Thailand. 11% of innovation support is gotten by the nation. Indonesia Indonesia promised to lessen the outflow by 26% by their own and with the help of the worldwide nations they will decrease the carbon emanation by 41%. The vow taken by the nation for carbon discharge is more by Indonesia then Thailand and at last Myanmar. The backwoods reservation is 21% with actualizing the arrangement of deforestation. The vitality impression is decreased by 25% by Indonesia. The examination demonstrated that the minimization of vitality impression Mechanical help acquired is 17% Promise to Reduce Carbon Emissions: with respect to the field of

The Refugee Convention for Limitations - myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Why the evacuee show be altered? 2.How and what effect will the altered displaced person show have? Answers: Presentation The United Nations Convention related with the remaining of exiles was shaped in the year 1951. It is prevalently alluded as The Refugee Convention. It has been made to ensure the privileges of individuals who have a danger of abuse in their separate nations. It came vigorously on 22nd April 1954. The show was framed after the occasions of the awful World War II wherein a large number of individuals had to move inside Europe. Subsequently, constrained relocation appeared because of the disengagement. According to one of the US State Department report it has been perceived as one of the greatest occupant development over the world (Berg, 2011). At first, it was limited to secure European exiles. Notwithstanding, in the year 1967, a convention was discharged with an adjustment which evacuated such limitation and extended its inclusion attributable to worldwide removal issue. The Convention unmistakably states who an outcast is and all the rights for example lawful, social and so forth that an individual is qualified for from the nations who are a piece of the show. Any individual dwelling outside their base nation and is hesitant to return because of sound danger of provocation based on race, religion, nationality, participation of a specific social gathering or political gathering is considered as an evacuee (Nasr, 2016). In any case, the show characterizes an exile as well as perceives the individuals who are not entitled for such rights like war crooks, any individual who has carried out some major non-political wrongdoing or any individual who is discovered guilty of acts restricting the principle of the United Nation. It is the responsibility of the state to protect an individual once the person in question has been affirmed as an outcast. In any case, constrained vagrants contains the two displaced people just as individuals who are compelled to mo ve inside the nation. Plainly, outcasts are a sub classification of constrained vagrant. The universal law doesn't shield inside uprooted individuals. Additionally no help is given to them with no guarantees allowed to an exile. A large number of people are moving according to the International Association for the Study of Forced Migration (IASFM) (Joseph, 2016). In any case, the quantity of people moving inside the nation were practically twofold than exiles in the late 1990s. Be that as it may, according to article 33 of the said show, the state can't move evacuees to go to a locale where they have a danger of abuse barring the individuals who posture to be a danger to the countrys security or network. This essential rule is ordinarily alluded as the standard of non-refoulement. Likewise, no punishment can be forced on the exiles for entering and leaving without assent according to Article 31 of the show. Henceforth, the nations who have marked the record can't limit their freedom of development. Outcasts have different of rights and yet are likewise at risk regarding the support of peace in their separate host nation. Certain rights conceded to exiles are the privilege to lodging, the privilege to instruction, the option to get to the courts, the option to work, the privilege to opportunity of religion, the option to be given personality and travel reports. Be that as it may, no such rights are qualified for inside uprooted individuals. Worldwide securit y and taking care of vital issues of evacuees is the essential duty of United Nation High Commissioner for displaced people (UNHCR). All around, 142 nations normally called as state parties have consented to the record in arrangement with both the Refugee Convention just as its Protocol. Be that as it may, United States of America is among the three nations which have endorsed to the Protocol while there are two different nations supporting the show. Non-separation, non-penalisation, and non-refoulement are not many of the essential standards administering the said Convention. The 1951 Convention determines three tough answers for evacuees: to come back to their own nation intentionally (deliberate repatriation); to coordinate in the nation where they get themselves (neighborhood mix); or to resettle in another nation (third nation resettlement) (Koser, 2015). Among all the nations, Australia has been chief patron for movement of evacuees. Its seaward compassionate program is broadly famous and generally welcomed universally. 1. As expressed over, The Refugee Convention, a multi year old show was built up to monitor fundamental privileges of the evacuees. Be that as it may, in the contemporary world, because of contrast in the elements of constrained movement, the show faces some serious issues which should be corrected. Thus, it ought to be changed. One of the serious issues is that it is a well established show and todays situation is totally not quite the same as what it used to be. Right off the bat, there is significant defect in the meaning of outcast to the extent the model of constrained relocation is concerned. An evacuee has a danger of badgering because of political and common reasons from their own nation. Be that as it may, in todays world, fiscal misfortune and antagonistic vibe are the significant foundations for evacuee disengagement. So the huge number of outcasts in the 21st century doesn't consent to the above clarified definition and the Convention stands obsolete. The gathering has em powered characterization of asylum searchers as either stubborn and along these lines 'certified' and legal and praiseworthy, or monetary and in this manner impolite and untrustworthy and dishonorable. Another arrangement of disadvantage of the said show incorporates absence of help to displaced people till the time they arrive at their host nation. Likewise, the nations have no impulse of not abusing their own residents and there is no essential of burden dispersion between states. Unpredictable appropriation of assets is another difficulty of the show. There has likewise been quick increment in individuals pirating which makes constrained vagrant increasingly powerless. Along the Mediterranean Sea course alone, a few investigators gauge that runners extricated up to $US1 billion from transients during the record high year of 2014. (Koser, 2015) An individual is considered as a shelter searcher till the time the person in question has been affirmed as an exile (Cole, 2015). There are a few issues undoubtedly as they advance lopsided migration and is for the most part connected with defilement. The said show doesn't consider key issues as far as political, fiscal and shared elements that influence the host nation with respect to colossal quantities of shelter searchers. Additionally, it doesn't offer inclination to those in most extreme need however to the individuals who has the ability to pay. Pushing ahead, there is extraordinary disparity on what is being spent and what is being agreed to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) for supporting the shelter searcher (Millbank, 2000). By and by, huge number of people who are dislodged inside the nation are past UNHCRs approval which is a significant test for the constrained transient. The show is viewed as remainder of cold war. It worked easily till the fin ish of the Cold War, however didn't plan todays worldwide resettlement. In Europe, official remote specialists have consistently been not exactly the haven searchers since the year 1985. Further, clash among comprehension and importance of the show is the other key issue. Germany, Britain, Switzerland and the Netherlands are the four nations in Europe which represents larger part of refuge searchers who moves in the said nations inferable from wide exhibit of variables, for example, administration openings, closeness, benevolence of wellbeing frameworks and so forth. There is no expectation of burden sharing. Most of haven searchers don't meet the outcast rules because of its hazy definition, they are typically conceded transient occupant status. The entire strategy of exile status assurance is costly. In Western nations, refuge framework functions as a resettlement control. The show qualifies any person for apply for displaced person status and enter the nation. Accepting states need to experience the entire status assurance process notwithstanding of the way that the vast majority of the applications are foul which thusly takes a great deal of time, because of whic h haven searchers orchestrate out in the host nation and it gets hard to expel them regardless of whether they have neglected to meet the said model. The nonattendance of meaningful authority imperative intensity of the UNHCR and UN documentation when all is said in done is a very much archived one, yet bit by bit is by all accounts a matter of specific concern given the caring emergency being looked on real premise. Additionally, the Convention has received the idea of outcast to secure displaced people. In todays period, the belief system of the worldwide network has been improved totally. Consequently, banish is certifiably not a reasonable goals to exile issues. There is no limitation in the quantity of individuals who can apply for the said status and the accepting states are under the commitment to offer total legitimate help to them. Additionally, the sum spent on the haven searcher is route higher than what is really spent to fulfill the needs of meriting displaced people. Sex based unpredictable quality is additionally a disadvantage of the said show. Additionally, open in the host nation don't identify with the haven searcher similarly as they do with the obvious outcast. 2. Despite the fact that, UNHCR who is considered as a sentinel of the Refugee Convention is continually adjusting to adapt up to the modifying conditions identified with constrained movement. It is plainly obvious from the above downsides that alteration of the Refugee Convention is strongly suggested. These days, occupant extension, food and vitality requirement, urbanization, biological debasement are a portion of the significant reasons for constrained relocation. The idea of evacuee ought to be re-imagined with the goal that it incorporates late relocations as it thinks about just 5 grounds. The Norwegian Refugee Council discharged a report uncovering

The Stress of Move-In Day

The Stress of Move-In Day Move-in day has come and gone for the class of 2020, and the tension between parents and students alike couldnt have been more clear. So on  a day that is supposed to be filled with excitement, why do we all seemed so stressed? Id like to think of it in terms of  this cheesy metaphor: Move-in day is like a gallon of your favorite ice cream. How so? At first, your stomach is rumbling and your mouth is watering. Youre so ready to dive in spoonful by spoonful until you are immersed in an ice cream coma of delightfulness. Until you hit a wall: Who forgot to pack the sprinkles? Who forgot the whipped cream? Or, in my case, who forgot the command strips and who forgot the duct tape? And as you bicker about who forgot what, your excitement begins to fade along with your  ice cream that remains uneaten. No matter how many 9 Hacks for College Packing BuzzFeeds you see, youre still unprepared.  And eventually, all of your creamy delicacy has transformed into a pile of thick disappointment. Thus, stress. So, the underlying question is, how do we recovering from the move-in shock? The truth of the matter is that there is no secret to a stress-free move-in. The best thing you can do is be patient with your family, as they are going through a transition equally as challenging as yours. And while you are already planning the nights activities, theyre biggest plans for the evening are sending you off to adulthood. So remember: Relax, prepare, and come to move-in with a positive  mentality. Be patient with your family and give them the departure they deserve. Yes, it will take hours to set everything up, and yes, you may have forgotten a thing or two, but things are just  things. And when its all said and done, your room will look picture perfect at least for a few days. Rachel Class of 2020 I am studying Middle Grades Education with concentrations in Social Sciences and Literacy in the College of Education. Although I now reside in Champaign, I am originally from Vernon Hills, a Northwest suburb of Chicago.

David Camerons First Speech as Prime Minister - 1340 Words

This political speech made by United Kingdom’s new prime minister David Cameron in May 2010 could be considered the beginning of a new era in the politics of the country because, for the first time after World War II, Britain would have a coalition government. David Cameron (born in London in 1966) was elected leader of the Conservative Party in December 2005. He has modernised his Party, the Conservatives, by introducing new ideas such as the environmental defence, gay rights and abortion. He has a fresh, young and moderate image. The conservative leader gave this speech outside No 10 Downing Street right after being appointed Prime Minister. Cameron clearly describes UK’s social and economic situation and points out the main†¦show more content†¦Students have reacted by protesting violently in front of the Conservative headquarters. They complain specially about the raise in the tuition fees, that will be multiplied by three. The spending review is also facing critics of the Institute of Fiscal Studies: the think-thank believes that the poor will be the most affected by the measures. During the campaign Labour, Liberal and Conservatives agreed on the need to cut spending, but the proposal of Cameron was the hardest. At the same time, the Tories thought the reforms had to start immediately, while the Labour preferred to wait a year until the economic recovery was consolidated. Indeed, some fear that the spending review will not help UK to get out of the crisis, and they claim that the present difficulties are only an excuse to reduce the power of the state (an important principle in the Conservatives’ ideology). On the other side, Conservatives think that the private sector will be able to support the economy and will be reinforced, in spite of the cutback in spending. It is beyond doubt that the financial crisis has affected deeply all Europe, and that something had to be done to reduce the number of British citizens living on the governments subsidies. But it is not that clear that such strong measures had to be taken. UK’s economic situation is not as bad as other countries in EuropeShow MoreRelatedThe European Union : An Important Part Of Europe1503 Words   |  7 PagesSir Winston Churchill. In his 1946 Zurich speech a kind of United States of Europe his intent was for the European Unity to be led by France and Germany and he specifically had no intention of involving Britain. It was evident that in these early stages of building a united Europe it reflected some of today’s views, which have been described as wishing to seem an important part of Europe without being a part of it. Fast forward to David Cameron’s success in the elections and this has boughtRead MoreMedia Perception, Blair, Cameron, And Their First 100 Day s1827 Words   |  8 Pages# Media Perception, Blair, Cameron, and their first 100 days. Personal Project Prologue In his second inaugural speech, delivered on the 8th of May, 2015, David Cameron expressed his sentiment of the achievements his government has made in his first term as prime minister. When I stood here five years ago, our country was in the grip of an economic crisis. Five years on, Britain is so much stronger. But the real opportunities lie ahead.† His achievements may have been remarkable but my questionRead MoreMulticulturalism Is A Significant Issue For The Modern World2072 Words   |  9 Pagesmulticulturalism are considered to be Labour. It was the period of their stay in power has to the adoption of most of the legislation on equality and protection of the rights of ethnic and religious minorities (Pitcher, 2009). In 1965, they adopted the first law aimed at protecting the rights of migrants, followed by the Race Relations Act of 1968 and 1976. The peak of the lawmaking to protect the rights and equality came in the period from 1997 to 2011. In 1998, enters into force on the Human Rights ActRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The I Wasn T 2536 Words   |  11 Pagesturmoil, ===‘what indeed?’=== was my natural response to Ciao’s highly topical question here. As events over the last week have unfolded, I am now of the mind that ‘maybe this won’t all be SO bad after all’. The much swift er than planned departure of David (call me Dave) Cameron and his flailing, divided government can only be a good thing. Whatever you feel about Brexit itself, the sooner the country gets on now with â€Å"what’s next†, the better for all of us. Personally speaking, I was never all thatRead MoreImplementing A Dementia Care Programme For Patients With Dementia Within Hospitals3532 Words   |  15 Pagesput into place to ensure an effective provision of care (Borbasi, 2006). The government allocated a budget of  £90 million in 2010 to improve the care of Dementia patients increasing it to  £23 billion in 2013 (Oliver, 2009). In addition, Prime Minister David Cameron’s introduced the Dementia Challenge in 2012 to tackle issues of an aging population (Department of Health, 2012) similar to the Dementia care programme which falls in line with creating an environment and is evidenced to improve outcomesRead MoreIs Class a Zombie Category? Essay example5045 Words   |  21 Pagesequal incomes. Not uniform lifestyles or taste or culture. But true equality: equal worth, an equal chance of fulfillment, equal access to knowledge and opportunity. Equal rights. Equal responsibilities’ (BBC, 1999). This section of Tony Blair’s speech, given in 1999 during a Labour Party Conference, is one of many ways how one could have introduced this subject. However, this specific one points to something which is taken for granted, namely true democracy . If one works hard at it, this will oneRead MoreSociology Essay20437 Words   |  82 Pages‘Social class linked to results’, Times Educational Supplement, 18.04.97. Every effort has been made to trace the copyright holders but if any have been inadvertently overlooked the publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangement at the ï ¬ rst opportunity. C ontents Introduction to AS Sociology xxxi–l Module 1 Families and Households 1–102 Unit 1.1 Introduction Unit 1.2 Theoretical Explanations of the Role of Families in society Unit 1.3 Social Change and Families and

Covenant College GPA, SAT Scores and ACT Scores

Government Intervention in Venezuela’s Economy Free Essays

Economic Commentary_1 The article: How can Venezuela be so rich in resources, but so low in supplies? By Douglas French/April 24, 2012 http://www. csmonitor. com/Business/The-Circle-Bastiat/2012/0424/How-can-Venezuela-be-so-rich-in-resources-but-so-low-in-supplies To what extend do a country’s natural resources explain whether consumer goods are on the nation’s shelves for people to buy. We will write a custom essay sample on Government Intervention in Venezuela’s Economy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Venezuela is a prime example of this question. This is a country having abundant natural resources for it is one of the world’s top oil producers and rich in gold and other minerals, also the rich soil and temperate climate allow the country for productive agriculture. However, there are shortages of staple products like milk, meat and writing paper. This commentary focuses on the main reason causing this problem in Venezuela that is over intervention of the government towards the free market. In order to maintain the level of consumer prices, the president of Venezuela imposed price controls by setting the price ceilings. Government officials claim â€Å"companies cause shortages on purpose, holding products off the market to push up prices. This month, the government required price cuts on fruit juice, toothpaste, disposable diapers and more than a dozen other products. † However, bad consequences of the price ceilings set by the government were inevitable in terms of shortages in supply, decreased market size, elimination of allocative efficiency and black markets. In figure1. 1, the original market equilibrium price under the intervention of free market is at Pe where the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied are equal. After intervention of the central government, a binding price ceiling is set and the new market price is created at Pmax where the quantity supplied is much lower than quantity demanded. The artificially low price has caused more demand for the product, thus creating a movement from Qe along the demand curve to Qd. At the same time, producers cut production in response to the lower price, moving down along the supply curve from Qe to Qs. The distance between Qd and Qs shows a shortage of the good in supply. Because of this, now residents in Caracas are forced to rely on the once-a-week deliveries made to government-subsidized stores. Moreover, as figure1. 2 suggests, the gap between Qs and Qd creates a tension in the market. At Qs there are many consumers who would be willing to pay more than Pmax if Qs is on the market. These consumers may have a strong incentive to gain the goods and services they want on the black market. As a result, the supply curve will shoot right up at Qs and the price will raise right up at that point high on the demand curve. This shows that some price ceilings may actually drive the price higher than the original equilibrium and can be just applied to the case of Venezuela. Also, setting a maximum price lower than the market equilibrium price will result in a decreased market size as some of the companies will be driven out of the market. The government setting prices are too low for companies to make money so they either curtail production or stop all together. As shown in figure 2. 1, initially the producer surplus of the private companies, in terms of profit, derived by firms is shown as the area from the initial market price line to the supply curve. After price controls by the government, now the new producer surplus is shown as the area from the new price line to the supply curve which is smaller than before and this reflects a lower producer surplus, therefore a welfare loss in the society. In addition, the price ceilings eliminate an allocative efficiency in the country’s economy in a competitive market as it can only be achieved when the society produces enough of a good so that the marginal benefits is equal to the marginal, in other words, producer supply and consumer demand meet at a market equilibrium price. Due to intervention of the government, price controls disenable society to get goods and services it wants most. As Times mentions, â€Å"some of the shortages are in industries, like dairy and coffee, where the government has seized private companies and is now running them, saying it is in the national interest. † But the consequence of this action is that the government will turn the markets into monopolies as there would be only state ownership in these industries, so there are no competitions between various firms and consumers will not be able to acquire substitutes in the markets. What’s more, while these industries are being completely controlled by the central planner and create state ownership of the factors of production in addition to the guide of Venezuela socialist government, it will result in the lack of individual property rights and incentive to achieve maximum efficiency in the use of resources which characterize private ownership. To conclude, Venezuela is a typically very rich in resources but very low in supplies, price controls in the markets as well as How to cite Government Intervention in Venezuela’s Economy, Papers

Intended Contribution to the Project

Question: Discuss about the intended contribution to the project. Answer: I intended to undertake an internship at a firm named MB Petroleum services LLC in the finance department. Generally, the primary job of a financial analyst is to evaluate the business, budgets, profits and other finance related entities in order to identify their suitability for the investment. Therefore, my intension was to interpret and forecast the complex financial data of the organization. This requires good knowledge and I got an opportunity to show and represent my knowledge and both understandable and problem solving skills to the corporate of the firm. My role was to interpret and forecast the complex fiscal data. Moreover, I got an opportunity to learn more about the kind of costs, importance of considering relative costs and to grasp the advantage of potential actions for selecting the accurate one. All these helped me and I know it will also help in my future. For example, knowledge regarding implementation of various types of costs makes me able to communicate and synth esize data to the relevant party. I tried to grasp every opportunity in order to proof my ability to become the financial analyst in future that is the person who can handle the difficult financial situation of a firm and can also prevent the firm from getting into trouble. In addition to this, I also gained information about making decisions about the firms performance. I guess that this would assist me to develop my decision making and judgment skills. This study has assisted me to widen my acquaintance in this field of communication. For example, at present my talking skills have got enriched and enhanced. I contributed my theoretical knowledge or book knowledge to the present situation of the firm with the aim to convert my theoretical knowledge into practical knowledge by applying it and also to gain practical knowledge. All these have broadened my knowledge regarding communication as in this internship I have communicated with several parties or firms. Additionally, my speaking skills as well as convincing skills and the process of conveying information and data to others have also been enriched. I have the ability to synthesize and also to communicate data, thus I have communicated and synthesized data to the relevant party efficiently. My speaking skill has also helped me in communicating the data with pertinent parties. Furthermore the skills I achieved from this study include general overview of business and organizational structure, chart of accounting familiarization and approval matrix and decision making skills for completing the errands within the time. In conclusion, one of my key errands was to predict the venture and the business presentation.

Pasay River Environmental Analysis Essay Example

Pasay River Environmental Analysis Paper This, in addition to the city residents, affects the rate of waste reduction; in which case, is high. Without proper management and careful planning, these may result to diseases such as malaria, dengue and the like, floods and other environmental issues brought about by land and water pollution. In the interview conducted, the chief-of-staff enumerated some of the actions they take to address the challenges faced with waste production. Cleaning programs, planting trees, monitoring waste collections, and imposing strict policies are some of those that he mentioned. As for the opinion ion of the group, the city government must reinforce these actions so as to strengthen the solutions to reduce pollution. II. Social Inquiry Questions The fieldwork centered on two topics: water pollution and waste disposal. The interview questions consisted of the condition of the two main creeks in Papas and how it is currently affecting the community and on the management of waste in different Barings in Papas. The objective of the fieldwork is to find out whether there is a connection between the two problems (water pollution and waste disposal). 1. Is water accessible to everyone in the area? . How is the quality of water in the area? 3. Is the sewage system directly connected to the river? 4. What are examples of water-related problems in the area? . How does it affect the community? 6. Are diseases caused by unsanitary water rampant in the area? 7. Are there any plans or programs that the barraging have that add reuses these problems? 8. Is the waste disposa l system adequate to the needs of the community? 9. What are some health related problems that the community experienced regarding improper waste disposal? 10. How does the community manage waste disposal? Ill. We will write a custom essay sample on Pasay River Environmental Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pasay River Environmental Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pasay River Environmental Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Findings and Analysis Papas City Papas City is known as the premiere gateway to the Philippines. It is located on the western side, Manila Bay; northeast, Magmata; southwest, Parquet City. It is the third smallest city among the cities in the four districts of the National Capital Region. Generally, Papas is characterized by coastal plains along the Manila Bay. However, just a slight slope feature Of areas is seen in the southern part. Since it is along the Bay, its elevation is more or less only two meters from the sea level. This extends all along the sea sides. Papas city has two main creeks: Trip De Galling and Americana creeks. This is fed by nearby river basins that come from Parquet City and Lass Pià ±atas Capote Rivers. According to the study made by EDEN, the major rivers in Metro Manila like hose in Papas are biologically dead. This is brought about by the wastes that are emitted by the domestic, industrial and agricultural operations. Because of its low level condition, flooding is one of the major problems experienced by Papas City. Also, since it is located along the sea, its water is mostly affected by salty water. Due to the high level of salinity in it, it needs to be treated first before it can be suitable for drinking. Papas City is also composed of 201 Barings. It has 20 zones and each zones have 10 Barings. Like in any other Barings in Metro Manila, waste disposal is an Issue. The group interviewed Mr.. Ever M. Alarming, the Chief of Staff of the Alga Eng mega Barraging in Papas. Water Pollution Water pollution is a rampant problem in cities and areas that are near or surrounded by bodies of water. Water pollution negatively affects the way of living of individuals. It affects the communitys quality of life, drinking water, habitat and recreation. Since Papas City is surrounded by different bodies of water, it has been experiencing different water-related problems. One of the major problems they have been experiencing ever since is flooding, especially since the country has been experiencing strong typhoons. One solution that Papas did o address this problem is to intensify the cleaning of the canals in the city. Also, in times of flooding and strong typhoon, the city officials immediately asks the citizens living near water areas to evacuate their homes and go to the schools that are assigned for this purpose. The city and all its Barings also implemented Disaster Reduction Management. Currently, Papas also has potable water because of the Papas Wastewater Treatment Facility. It is part of Mammalians Sewerage and Sanitation Master Plan. Papas sewage system project, water quality, project updates and development timeline are included in the project. Papas is also getting a lot of support from the government and other agencies that address different problems they are experiencing with their bodies of water and sewage system as well. Manilas said that some of the pipes have been prone to leakage and breakage due to old age thats why it is going to be replaced. Waste Disposal Waste disposal is an integral part of a community since it ensures not only the cleanliness but also the safety of the citizens. Improper waste disposal can lead to different health risks such as contamination and other diseases. For Papas, the measures they have for managing waste is a regular electing of garbage throughout the whole city. IV. Conclusion Improper waste disposal has been one of Metro Manilas biggest environmental problems. Since almost all the cities in Metro Manila are over populated, citizens are producing so much garbage but are not disposing it properly, leaving lying on the ground, creating a dumpiest or disposing it to different bodies Of water. Improper waste disposal, if not addressed or treated properly, can lead to other things and worsen its effect on the environment. One major effect of improper waste management is water pollution. Water resource is an essential part of a community. Sewage systems are directly affected by waste disposal that can cause flooding. Also, these sewage contaminate the rivers and lakes since it is directly connected to it. When the source of water is polluted, the water quality becomes poor which then endangers the lives and livelihood of individuals. Papas, being surrounded by rivers, creeks and bay, is suffering from water pollution. The city government has been passing laws and different project to address this problem. Government data showed that 10% of the 4,100 metric tons of waste generated by the residents of Metro Manila are dumped into rivers and lakes. Everything in the environment is interconnected.

t Laughed, I Would Have Cried

I was indestructible. I was ruthless. I broke out, hurling a flurry of precise, mastered and skilful kicks. Each kick grew in supremacy, as I glared at my opponent’s face: grief stricken and glazed with unmistakable distress. Each kick neared her towards tasting the bitterness of a palpable defeat. Rhapsody enticed my face as I smirked mercilessly. I emerged from under the bedclothes and encountered the mottled morning light. Today was the day my dreams would become reality. I had always harboured a competitive streak but I was not always good at actually realising it. This was to be my first Taekwondo competition and the desire to win was overwhelming. I affectionately selected my loose white uniform that hung alongside my green school dress. Each Sunday morning for the past twelve months I had religiously swapped the academic rigidity of school for the physical rigidity of Taekwondo and noticed that even now, the whiteness of my uniform was a little dulled and the threads slightly frayed, revealing the chronic blows that it had suffered. Two badges were sewn onto the front by unorthodox and jagged black threads, visibly overlapping the stark whiteness of my uniform. Each badge bore the fist of a martial artist and was intended to highlight strength, skill and indomitable spirit. However, despite the air of sophistication emitted by the badges, my clumsy Year 10 stitching defeated their purpose as being signs of professionalism. My transformation was almost complete. I picked up my belt and placed it around my waist, cautious to avoid any untidy overlapping. Tying a taut knot, the two remaining straps were left to suspend freely, yet, their presence did nothing except weigh heavily on my pride. I was a yellow belt, a mere novice, and felt demeaned by such a lowly status. Nevertheless I managed to reassure myself, this was to be the final day I would have to endure the humiliation of this sallow shade. I surveyed my ref... 't Laughed, I Would Have Cried Free Essays on If I Hadn\'t Laughed, I Would Have Cried I was indestructible. I was ruthless. I broke out, hurling a flurry of precise, mastered and skilful kicks. Each kick grew in supremacy, as I glared at my opponent’s face: grief stricken and glazed with unmistakable distress. Each kick neared her towards tasting the bitterness of a palpable defeat. Rhapsody enticed my face as I smirked mercilessly. I emerged from under the bedclothes and encountered the mottled morning light. Today was the day my dreams would become reality. I had always harboured a competitive streak but I was not always good at actually realising it. This was to be my first Taekwondo competition and the desire to win was overwhelming. I affectionately selected my loose white uniform that hung alongside my green school dress. Each Sunday morning for the past twelve months I had religiously swapped the academic rigidity of school for the physical rigidity of Taekwondo and noticed that even now, the whiteness of my uniform was a little dulled and the threads slightly frayed, revealing the chronic blows that it had suffered. Two badges were sewn onto the front by unorthodox and jagged black threads, visibly overlapping the stark whiteness of my uniform. Each badge bore the fist of a martial artist and was intended to highlight strength, skill and indomitable spirit. However, despite the air of sophistication emitted by the badges, my clumsy Year 10 stitching defeated their purpose as being signs of professionalism. My transformation was almost complete. I picked up my belt and placed it around my waist, cautious to avoid any untidy overlapping. Tying a taut knot, the two remaining straps were left to suspend freely, yet, their presence did nothing except weigh heavily on my pride. I was a yellow belt, a mere novice, and felt demeaned by such a lowly status. Nevertheless I managed to reassure myself, this was to be the final day I would have to endure the humiliation of this sallow shade. I surveyed my ref...

Healthy Fast Food Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Healthy Fast Food - Research Paper Example Though the fast foods can be associated and blamed to the food industry, home made fast foods can be a good substitute, but if similarly uncontrolled, risk of feeding on unhealthy foods still remains. For a healthy fast food, the ingredients used need to be controlled substantially; the consumers should also plan on consuming healthily, by ensuring they eat correct portions of balanced diet in the fast foods as a healthy behavior. People should not be controlled by the flavors, sweetness or preference, but rather by making correct choices for their healthy diets. Keywords: Health, Fast Food, Junk Food, Sugar, Salt, Trans Fat, Saturated Fats, Balanced Diet, Chemicals, Additives, Ingredients, Diseases Introduction The norm of the modern society has been accessing fast foods to save time in their activities. Students and employees prefer to have meals that can be prepared and served quickly, without even paying attention to how it was prepared, the ratio, and ingredients used in the rea dy product. On top of the preparation criterion, these fast foods target a wide range of people and seem to be located in accessible places, near schools, companies, busy streets and town centers, where the population is relatively large to promote the fast food business. As a result, the fast food restaurants acquire high proportion of their product consumptions, where the customers’ preference even dictates how, what, and intensity of the products they prepare. Eating fast food once in a while is not a problem, but why the society or families cannot take time to prepare their own healthy meals is not an excuse to have reckless habits of consuming fast food. There are lots of healthy effects on high consumption of fast foods, especially problems that affect the physical health of the consumers. Although the manufactures and preparing restaurants have of recent been aware of consumer group movements, against their sales of unhealthy food, much lies with the consumers to ensur e what they consume is nutritious and healthy. Unhealthy drinks and food should be avoided for their safety. Safe Ingredients Chemicals: Most of the available fast foods on the market are prepared with additional chemicals that are dangerous to consumers’ health. The past generations could afford to make fast food without chemical additives and lead a healthy, satisfied life. Unlike the past society, the chemicals used today in the fast foods were not available and though the technology was not advanced as it is today, the meals were tasty and healthy. There are lots of foods in the fast food industry that are prepared using chemicals to make the food appealing, add flavor and even preserve them, attracting the people to buy the foods. As a result, people end up consuming processed fast foods containing lots of toxins and chemicals, such as (Monosodium glutamate (MSG), Aspertame, 2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PHIP), sodium nitrate and sodium nitrite, sweete ning and coloring chemicals whose accumulation in the body have a negative effect if not flushed out (Strauss, 2012). Just because the food is appealing does not make it healthy, and given the opportunity, the society and the fast food industry should avoid preparing their food on their menus with such chemicals. Fast foods can be made healthier and appealing even without using

ETHICAL DILEMAS INTERNATONALIZING FIRMS HAVE FACED Research Proposal

ETHICAL DILEMAS INTERNATONALIZING FIRMS HAVE FACED - Research Proposal Example Each party comes with marketing transactions according to their cultural backgrounds of how the businesses should exist as well as how business should be implemented (Mozur 2015). Each aspect of marketing has ethical implications. Ethical implications in marketing study include incursion of privacy along with stereotyping (Brislin & Yoshida, 1994). Stereotyping happens because of analysis of real population in order to make applications as well as placing individuals into groups (Merriam, 2001). However, if it is conducted irresponsibly it might lead to ethical objectionable results. In this perspective, selective market is mostly used to depress demand from unwanted market sectors. A number of unethical market barring includes past business stances to the gay, cultural minority as well as plus size markets (Knowles, Holton, & Swanson, 2012). Insufficient skills in marketing ploys is another ethical issue that is connected to vulnerable audiences in developing

The Problems Of The Red Tide Environmental Sciences Essay

The Problems Of The Red Tide Environmental Sciences Essay The term red tide is a misnomer as it does not associated with tides. It is used to described as a phenomenon microalgal species growing very fast or bloom and is caused by the growth and accumulation of microscopic algae (single-celled marine plants) called phytoplankton (Anton, A. et al, 1998). These algal blooms become so numerous that they can discolour coastal waters.To the scientists they prefer to call them as algal blooms or HABs These algal bloom may cause oxygen depletion in the waters and/or release toxins that may cause illness in humans and other animals. Red tide is a global phenomenon. Since 1980s harmful red tide events have become more frequent and widespread. The major factors influencing red tide events include warm ocean surface temperatures, low salinity, high nutrient content, calm seas, and rain followed by sunny days during the summer months. In addition, algaerelated to red tide can spread or be carried long distances by winds, currents, storms, or ships. Red tide has affected my countries all over the world including South East Asia and Sabah in Malaysia. The first report of HABs and shellfish toxicity in Malaysia was in 1976 when the marine dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense var. Compressum bloomed in Brunei Bay on the west coast of Sabah (Roy 1977). The study by Anton, A. et al (2000) found 11 species in both the West and East Coast of Sabah and all the species densities were below 100 cells/L which is far below the densities to consider to be a bloom, which values are more than 103 cells/L. This is because too many blooms are unhealthy for coastlines because an over abundance of blooms can lead to suffocating low-oxygen conditions for fish, and increased diseases in seafood. Below shows the distribution of PSP toxin in the world between 1970 and 2006. Figure 1: Comparison of PSP Toxin distribution in the world between 1970 and 2006 2.0 The problem of red tide Since there are many factors influencing the events of red tide, it has caused a lot of concern and problems to sicientists especially the marine biologists. A lot of research has been carried out such as Harmful Algal Blooms in Malaysia: Revisiting Kimanis Bay by Anton A.et al (2000); Lipid and DNA features of Gonyaulax fragilis (Dinophyceae) as potential biomarkers in mucilage genesis by M. Riccardi et al. available online on 25 January 2010; Effects of temperature, salinity and irradiance on growth of the novel red tide glagellate Chattonella 1 ovata (Raphidophyceae) by a group of scientics lead by Haruo Yamaguchi et.al. Available online on 13 February 2010 and many others has being carried out. The presence of red tide impose a severe burden on the affected country (Gires U. et al, 2002). The problem is compounded by wide adoption of the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) protocols which require that seafood is certified as safe and wholesome for consumption by monitoring the natural toxins. Red tide has also caused mass mortalities of wild and farm fish and shellfish, human illness and death from contaminated shellfish or fish, death of marine mammals, seabirds, and other animals, and alterring the marine habitats or trophic structure. In 1972, Massachusetts has declared a state of emergency because of red tide bloom. (Esterbrook, J. 2005). It has caused the shellfish industry about $3 million per week. Although until today there are nothing much marine biologist can do to eliminate red tide problems, however, with the technological advancement such as satellite imagery have enable the scientist to better track and monitor the harmful algal booms. By tracking and monitoring these blooms has helps to reduce harmful effects of the algae by providing early warnings against eating infected shellfish and against swimming in infected water. Sophitiscated instruments to test for the presence of red tide algae in coastal waters have been developd by the Sarasota Operations Coastal Oceans Observation Laboratory. NASA Earth Observatory has develop programmes such as SeaWiFS (Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor) and MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) instruments to detect harmful algal bloom from space. Autonomus underwater vehicles (AUVs) equipped with temperature and salinity meters as well as a Breve-Buster, which is an instrument that collects water samples and determines the levels of red-tide causing algae by shining a light through the sample and noting the light absorbing characteristics within the sample (indicative of these algae) is also used in the research of red tide. Although red tide events can be avoided, reseachers are attempting to develop an antidote to the red tide toxins. Interestingly, while developing such anti-toxins, researchers have found a possible treatment for cystic fibrosis. 3 Methods used to collect samples Traditionally, light microscope is used to estimate the population of zooplankton in the water. An example of the equipment used is as shown in Fig.2 below. Figure 2. A representation of the volume of water being sampled by a plankton net from a depth of 3 meters. The amount of water sampled and how to properly enumerate the organisms in the sample is important. This is because the amount of water sampled can be considered equalto the amount of water that passes through the plankton net. Since the opening of the plankton net is circular, the amount of water that passes through the net from a specific depth to the surface would be similar in shape to the cylinder. Therefore, the formula for the volume of a cylinder is, V= Ã‚ °R2 x H. By applying this formula the amount of water sampled through the plankton net can be calculated. Once the plankton has been captured in the filter canister at the bottom of the plankton net, small volume (1ml) sub-samples can be placed under the microscope so that each plankton organism can be counted. Finally, the total number of plankton within the sampled water can be calculated by extrapolation. This number can then be extrapolated so that the total number of plankton in the seawater can be estimated. Figure 3. Custom-fabricated pucks for the 2G ESP shown L to R as sample collection and filtration, array processing, and FISH archival. Quarter shown for size. However, recently there is a shift from using traditional ligh microscopy to molecular approaches for identifying and quantifying marine harmful algal bloom (HAB) species has been driven by the need to expedite sample processing for both research and monitoring purposes (Anderson 1995; Scholin et al. 1996). In addition, light microscopy has limitation to sufficient resolution to discern species when compared to electron microscopy. Some methods used to accurately identify HABs in a fast manner are fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) (Lim et al. 1993), fluorescently labeled antibodies and lectins (Sako et al. 1996), sandwich hybridization (Scholin et al. 1996), probe arrays (Loy et al. 2002), environmental sample processor (ESP) (Scholin et al. 2001) and a variety of nucleic acid amplification methods that target specific signature sequences. However, most of these techniques require ccess to shore-based laboratories for sample processing and analysis, which can be both time and labour intensive. Most of the methods mentioned above are very technical and require researchers who are well verse in handling the equipment and also thoroughly understand the methods used. It takes time to prepare, process and image analysing of the samples collected, and interpreting the results. An example of the equipment used in ESP is the puck as shown below. 4. Application and implications of biology Implications of red tide Environmental implication There are many species of red tide that release harmful toxins. Among the harmful species found in the United States are: Alexandrium fundyense found along the Atlantic coast from the Canadian maritimes to southern New England Alexandrium catenella found along the Pacific coast from California to Alaska Karenia brevis found in the Gulf of Mexico along the west coast of Florida Alexandrium species Dinophysis species Macroalgal Blooms Figure 4: Different species of red tide Although red tide algae make potent natural toxins but it is unknown why these toxin are created, but some can be hazadous to larger organisms through the processess of biomagnification and bioaccumulation. Grazers such as fish and krill are unaffected by the toxins, so when they eat the algae to toxins are concentrated and accumulated to a level that is poisonous to other aquatic lives such as bigger fish that feed on them. Then when mammals such as birds, man, etc. consume these fish they will either contracted diseases or they can cause death. Diseases that may affect humans include: 1. Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) This disease is caused by the production of saxitoxin by the Alexandrium species and they are common along the Atlantic and Pacific Coast in the US and Canada (Monica Bruckner, Montana State University). Poisoning occurs when on ingests shellfish contaminated with PSP toxins causing disruption of nerve function and paralysis. In extreme cases it may result in death due to asphyxiation. 2. Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) This disease is caused by the Dinophysis species. It generally occurs in Japan and Europe, but it has been found in other countries such as Canada, the US, Chile, New Zealand, and Thailand. Symptoms of DSP include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and cramps. However, DSP is generally not fatal. 3. Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) Amnesic shellfish poisoning has been found along the eastern Canadian coast. It is caused by domoic acid producing planktonic and benthic algae, including Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries and Amphora coffaeformis. It can also found in soft shell clams and blue mussels infected by Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima. It causes gastricand neurological symptoms including dizziness, disorientation and memory loss. ASP Domoic Acid and Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning DSP Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning PSP Saxitoxin and Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Figure 5: Different types of poisoning caused by red tide Red tide has also caused substantial impact to the ecosystem that include a reduction in light penetration, a reduction in the extent of seagrass beds and a reduction in the growth rates of hard clams. Further, red tide caused mass mortalities of mussel populations in Rhode Island and in Long Island waters, Recurrent blooms have had severe impact on bay scallops, affecting more than 80% of New Yorks commercially valuable harvest. Acute or chronic exposure to red tide and their toxins either directly or through the food web, puts the affected population at increased risk (Anderson, D. 2007). Economic implication In 2005, the massive red tide outbreak in New England has caused the shellfish industry to lose $3 million per week and forcing the Massachusetts to declare a state of emergency. This has lead to the shellfisherman to raise their prices especially for the shellfish industry. The 2009 paralytic shellfish poisoning (red tide) occuring in Maine, Portsmouth, New England has caused devastating economic impact where Maine authority estimates that there were 89,000 acres of productive shellfish in the state waters and at that time more than 97% of these resources were closed due to red tide (Anderson, D. (2007). Further, there had been unusual reports of mortality events of both short-nose sturgeon and eider ducks which were suspected to be caused by the transfer of red tide toxicity through the food web to these larger animals. The first paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) case recorded in Sabah in 1976 where 202 victims were reported to be suffering from PSP and 7 deaths. (Roy 1977). This event has caused significant economic losses to fishermen because the public are afraid to consume all types of seafood during the bloom event which lasted two to three weeks. Then in 1991, three people were taken ill after consuming green mussel (Perna viridis) cultured at a newly established mussel form in Sebatu Malacca (Gires, U. et al 2002). Symptoms suggested that of intoxication due to algal toxins were confirmed by testing the extracts from mussles collected during the event confirmed the presence of toxins caused by dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamiyavanichi. Further, in September 2001, six people were taken ill after consuming lokan (Polymesoda sp.) collected from a coastal lagoon (Sungai Ubi) in Tumpat Kelantan and one of the victim died with symptom suggested intoxication due to algal toxins (Usup et al. 2000). Picture 4: A spectacular red tide bloom (non-toxic) of Noctiluca scintillans in New Zealand NSP Brevetoxins and Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning PSP Saxitoxin and Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Figure 6: The economic loss due to the effect of red tide Societal Implication Although the impact of red tide (algal blooms) events are more associated to the environmental impact as well as economic impact, however, the presence to these events have also affected the recreation, tourism and local aesthetics by diminishing the qualities of the environment (Anderson, A. 2007). This can manifest in a variety of ways in different regions of the country. Some examples are: Massive fish mortalities that result in fish accumulating on beaches Clossure of receational fisheries Respiratory ailments experienced by beachgoers from aerosolized toxins Unsightly and noxious piles of macroalgae that accumulate and decompose on beaches Discolouration of water Mortalities of protected species and modification of their habitats Working patterns can also be disrupted when fisherman seek alternative occupations or sources of income and restaurants seek alternate suppliers for their seafood. Boat charter reservations and pier attendance for recreational activities will be disrupted, vacations ruined and some may never visit an impacted region again. In addition to that, people who have retired to coastal or lake shore homes may find their property values adversely affected when red tide or harmful algal blooms (HABs) frequently occur. Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects from the National Centre for Environmental Health, Communicable Disease Control (CDC), Atlanta is also very concern with the frequent occurrence of red tide (HABs) events all over the world. This has lead them to work with investigators from local, state, and federal health agencies of the country concerned to assess the respiratory effects of: Recreational exposure to red tide toxins dispersed in the air. For example, in 2003, CDC completed and reported a pilot study oftwo separate red tide events in Florida. Occupational exposure to red tide toxins dispersed in the air. For example, CDC has collected respiratory-function data from Flrida lifeguards who worked during a red tide event. Red algae bloom at Leigh, near Cape Rodney. This massive red tide of the dinoflagellate Noctiluca stretched for more than 20 miles along the southern California coast. Non-toxic blooms such as these can cause extensive mortalities of plants and animals in shallow waters when the bloom biomass decays, stripping oxygen from the water. Figure 7: Red Tide occurrence 5.0 Benefits and risk to humans, other organisms and environment The site of seeing red tide at the beach indicate that there is something unusual has occurred in the sea especially at the site of the event. As discussed in details above, red tide occurrence has been widespread all over the world. They have caused many implications to the environment, ecosystem and the living organisms that depended on the equatic lives to live. Among the risk to humans are not only man are not able swim in the beaches, lost in tourism but by the exposure to these events can cause harmful effect to the health of the population living nearby. Besides, the toxins produced by the harmful algal blooms have caused extensive mortalities to plants and animals when the bloom biomass decays, stripping oxygen from the water. It has also cause shellfish fisherman to loose million of dollars in income because of the fear to consume shellfish during red tide seasons. However, with many research being carried out from time to time on red tides or harmful algal blooms (HABs), man has learn a lot about the causes to the occurrence of these events. Sophisticated instruments have been designed and built such as SeaWiFS (Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor) and MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) instruments to detect harmful algal bloom from space. Autonomus underwater vehicles (AUVs) equipped with temperature and salinity meters as well as a Breve-Buster, which is an instrument that collects water samples and determines the levels of red-tide causing algae by shining a light through the sample and noting the light absorbing characteristics within the sample (indicative of these algae) is also used in the research of red tide. All these instruments are used to track and monitor these blooms and have help to reduce harmful effects of the algae by providing early warnings against eating infected shellfish and against swimming in infe cted water. Research carried out by Peterson, J. 2004 with red tide toxin yields potential therapies for cystic firbosis. In the research, experiments conducted with both the compounds; ÃŽÂ ²-Naphthoyl-bevetoxin and brevenal (a natural compound produced by red tide) in sheep revealed that both the compounds were able to block the effects of the red tide toxin on the respiratory system. While conducting the experiments an even more important discovery prevailed the anti-toxins behaved much like drugs used to treat cystic fibrosis because these compounds helps to speed up the clearance of mucus from the lungs. According to Danial Baden, Ph.D., director of University of North Carolina in Wilmingtons Centre of Marine Science and director of the project, mucociliary clearance is one of the most important defense systems in the lungs, protecting the airways from bacteria and pollutants. Tests conducted in sheeps also showed that these compounds to be effective at doses 1 million times lower than t he current medications used in the treatment of cystic fibrosis and they have no side effects. 6.0 Alternatives views or solutions for implications of biology encountered One of the ways to control red tide or harmful algal blooms (HABs) is to reduce excess pollutants and key nutrients from being released into coastal ocean areas. From the environmental perspective, taking steps to reduce pollution would also reduce HAB occurrences. For HABs, reducing nitrogen release is especially important; however, this is also one of the most difficult pollutants to control as it comes from a wide range of widely used agriculture chemicals such as fertilizers and fossil fuels. Therefore, efficient and effective dissemination of useful information about HABs to the populations that live in the coastal areas is important. Subsequently, controlling harmful algal blooms (HABs) using chemicals, fine clay particles or biological agents should be studied further. Although the potential dangers of chemical or biological agents should be known, they also hold great promise in controlling unwanted toxic phytoplankton populations. Under some circumstances, dispersal of fine clay particles over a bloom has seen some sucess, as the clay aggregates with itself and with other particles in the water (including HAB cells) and pulls the harmful algae to bottom sediments. Control techniques in the context of risk assessments, similar to those applied in evaluating land-based agriculture, should be purseued with HABs. Better monitoring systems and detection methods on HABs need to be further developed. Government and multinational companies and philantrophies such be encouraged to fund monitoring programs and research. In addition, the medical community should be better informed and prepared to treat individuals suffering from HAB toxicity. Individuals visiting or living on the shore or consume seafood also need to be better informed about the risks. Overall, scientiests need to be encourage to investigate HAB controland mitigation strategies. This is because it is easier to pursue basic or fundamental science, rather than taking on the challenging and highly visible practical research that tries to control blooms. There are surely technologies that we have not even considered or explore yet that will be effective if scientists and engineers are given the resources and encouragement to pursue control and mitigation research. 7.0 Conclusion Red tides and harmful algal blooms is one of the important areas where the biologist can seriously undertake in their research. This is because there are many factors that can cause HABs or red tides. Once it occur, it will cause much harm to the environment, aquatic ecosystem, lost of income to the shellfish and fishery industries and the health of the populations exposed and staying in the coastal areas will be affected. Therefore, it needs a concerted multi-prong effort from not only the biologists but also the agencies involved; be it governmental or public, and last but not the least the affected populations and individuals at large to help find effective mitigation solutions to the problems at stake.

Punishment Research Paper

In this paper I will be discussing the effects of four justifications which include retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, and social protection. I will be showing you the relation to these types of justifications to today’s American society. I will be discussing which type of punishment deters crime most effectively. I will be discussing if the consequences of punishment provide many benefits for crime and society. When it comes to the perception of punishment it involves the state to inflict damage on criminal offenders.However that main question is whether or not punishment should be destructive but whether the presumption of punishment makes sense (Golash 2005). Retributive punishment states that offenders who commit a crime deserve some type of punishment. Validation is resulting from the wrongfully of the crime devoted by the offenders. The punishment that is the deliberate and necessary cause of harm works to terminate the crime (Golash 2005). Punishment is only measu red for the wrongfully of the act, not to prevent future unlawful activity.It is believed by Golash that punishment is used to justify victims (Golash 2005). Punishment is a symbolic termination giving attention to the public that a specific crime was immoral rather than a particular termination of the criminal act. Punishment is believed to be an illustration of vindicated anger by the victim’s because of the breach of trust commanded by society (Golash 2005). Those who profit from the law have approval to punishment according to the law it is a social dissimilarity among society and its members.As of this social dissimilarity, it would be unjust to allow specific citizens to profit from society without restrictive their own bad desires (Golash 2005). Retributive punishment does not invalidate the crime except the will of offenders that are offenders will be free lacking self-control and consequently punishment direct the will of offenders toward unlawful activity (Golash 20 05). In other words, the victims are never fully return to the position they were prior to the criminal act. The conclusion is that a victim has no right apart from their own right to vindicate the offender’s illegal behavior to them (Golash 2005).Criminal wrongs cannot be undone, and doing additional harm to an offender only compounds certain social ills that may be highly correlated with the offender’s need for criminal fulfillment. Punishment is not the only alternative to handle criminals (Golash 2005). Retribution demands a consequence, but that consequence does not necessarily implicate punishment (Golash 2005). In the end if the system demands punishment for those who deserve then why those who are are deserve good not receiving good.Retribution is also known as the moral vengeance to satisfy a society to make the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused (Golash 2005). This type of justification for punishment is the oldest of the four different types of punishment (Golash 2005). This type of punishment was designed to satisfy the people’s need for a type of closure that satisfied the moral of society (Golash 2005). In principal punishment should be equal in severity to the deviance itself. It all comes down to equal justice and eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.The second of the four justifications for punishment is deterrence. Deterrence is the attempt to discourage crime by punishment (Britannica 2012). This idea came about during the eighteenth century. Deterrence is a type of punishment that relies upon examples of punishment made known to everyone ahead of the times before they choose to do an unlawful activity (Britannica 2012). This concept is based on idea that citizens will not break the law if they think that the pain of the punishment will outweigh the pleasure of the crime.Deterrence theory has established difficult to validate however largely because the presence of many intervening factors makes it difficu lt to prove unequivocally that a certain penalty has prevented someone from committing a given crime(Britannica 2012) There have been a few examples where some sentences can have a strong deterrent effect. For example laws that are designed to prevent driving under the influence of alcohol and setting a maximum legal limit of blood alcohol levels can have a temporary deterrent effect on a wide population especially when coupled with mandatory penalties and a high probability of conviction (Britannica 2012).There is another form of deterrent that is called denunciation which utilizes public condemnation as a form of community moral education (Britannica 2012). In this approach a person found guilty of a crime is denounced that is subjected to shame and public criticism (Britannica 2012). Its objective is to reinforce their rejection of law-breaking behavior. General deterrence through fear is aimed at those who avoid law-breaking behaviors not on moral grounds but on the basis of a c alculation of the potential rewards and penalties involved (Britannica 2012).This type of punishment is much informal and rationale. Theoretically the effectiveness of individual deterrence can be measured by examining the subsequent conduct of the offender (Britannica 2012). Theories of deterrence and retribution share the same idea that punishment should be proportionate to the gravity of the crime, a principal of practical importance (Britannica 2012). If all punishment were the same there would be no incentive to commit lesser rather than the greater offense. Rehabilitation is a more permanent fix in deterring crime (Larrabee 2006).Rehabilitation through community supervision can have a more lasting effect on individuals and deter them from committing future crime if they learn how to adapt in society by gaining academic or trade skills (Larrabee 2006). These programs can help offenders find employment and secure an important role in the community and give them them a sense of b eing. Therapy is another form of rehabilitation needed to help deter individuals from committing future crime (Larrabee 2006). Rehabilitation is based on creating a change in criminal’s attitudes or resources so that crime is neither a desired nor necessary activity (Larrabee 2006).Some punishment includes work to reform and rehabilitate the wrongdoer so that they will not commit the offence again. This is distinguished from deterrence, in that the goal here is to change the offender's attitude to what they have done, and make them come to see that their behavior was wrong (Larrabee 2006). Form of rehabilitation through community supervision may also benefit a victim or their families such programs and have high hopes of deterring individuals from committing such acts (Larrabee 2006).By allowing criminals to be rehabilitated instead of incarceration it helps to eliminate problems that inmates experience once released from prison. Allowing someone to probation instead of jail time allows families to stay together. When people are incarcerated it causes families to go from two parents to a one parent family, causing hardship, stress, and problems in the family structure. This program was designed to reform the offender to prevent later offenses (Larrabee 2006).This idea rose among social sciences in the nineteenth century that proved to be an effective solution. If you can control the environment that criminal or lawbreaker of some sort lives in, you can deviate from their normal society (Larrabee 2006). Reformatories or houses of correction provided setting where people could learn the proper behavior. One example of rehabilitation is when someone is caught and arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol they are sentence to attend Alcoholic Anonymous meetings rather than jail time (Larrabee 2006).Once they have completed the rehabilitation through the proper reformatory chosen for them they can choose to stay on the same path of freedom contribu ting to society or go back to their old habits (Larrabee 2006). Rehabilitation is the most forgiving and positive punishment of the four justifications discussed because it promises the offender a second chance at life (Larrabee 2006). Unlike retribution, which demands that the punishment fit the crime, rehabilitation tailors treatment to each offender. The final option for a justification for punishment is the term societal protection.This favors the society by rendering the offender incapable of further offenses temporarily through imprisonment or permanently by execution (Stephens 1990). This option of punishment differs from rehabilitation in that no special treatment is given to the offender in hopes to change him. His surrounding is a set area in a cell or execution chamber that many have used before him which protects society (Stephens 1990). This method can help be helpful to the offender giving the offender a chance to reform and a promised second chance.The United States c urrently incarcerates close to 2. 2 million offenders in jail. As â€Å"in the Times explains, the crime rate has gone down in recent years, but the number of offenders locked up across the country has gone up, tripling since 1980 (Stephens 1990). This type of punishment does what is necessary to protect society as a whole from the criminal. This could mean death, or complete removal from society (Stephens 1990). So the question is which one of these deters crime the most efficiently in today’s society.With the different views available as well as my personal views, it is difficult to choose just one type of punishment as the most effective method of determent. I can say however, that I would like to see Rehabilitation efforts made more widely available for Juvenile Offenders as I feel that this will enable them to have a much better grasp on what life is as well as allowing them to change their lives positively. While for adult offenders (serious crimes), I would not mind s eeing harsher penalties in many cases.Certain punishments are more effective on certain crimes. And certain punishments are more effective on certain people (Black 1998). Some criminals should be punished to remove their incentive for committing crimes. But there are some criminals who just need to be removed from society to prevent them from preying upon society (Black 1998). Obviously for lesser crimes, lesser punishments should be delivered. Punishments (if at all possible) should reflect the crime committed — such as scrubbing walls for â€Å"graffiti artists†, picking up trash for litterers, etc.Not enough of this is done. Punishments should not punish society if alternatives are available (Black 1998). Jailing everyone (as is now practiced extensively in the U. S. A. ) also punishes society — tax money is used. Whippings and public service are excellent punishments and (at least whippings) are not practiced in the U. S. A (Black 1998). But where they are p racticed, crime is lower. These forms of punishment also do not cost the taxpayers a lot of money. For most criminals, the threat of â€Å"adequate† punishment will deter them. Adequate† does not include sitting on one's bum all day with free meals and a warm place to sleep — not to mention watching television and playing video games (or whatever else jails provide these days) . But then, on the other side of this argument is the fact that far too many people are made criminals for things which should not be a crime. I once heard of a woman being jailed for overdue library books — beyond absurd (Black 1998). And, at least in one municipality, they wanted to make jay walking a jail able offence — again way beyond absurd.Real criminals belong in the jail not jaywalkers, people who get into fights, marijuana smokers, etc. Do punishments for murderers and rapists and the like provide any benefits for the criminals and society? Absolutely it does. It kee ps violent criminals off the streets. Does it provide benefits for those convicted of drug crimes? While they're in prison, they've got a roof over their heads, food, and other things. Don't get me wrong: people are treated like animals in prisons. But if you come from violent, hard knock surroundings anyhow, I dunno†¦ maybe in some cases.Does sticking people in prisons who are convicted of drug crimes provide benefits to society? It gets drug users and small time dealers off the streets, but we have to pay for their food, clothing, and housing for 15+ years. My personal opinion: When even hard drugs like coke and heroin are cheaper than most medicines, then maybe our definition of â€Å"criminal† needs a harder look. In conclusion the four types of justification for punishment including retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, and societal protection are all effective ways our society deals with lawbreakers.Each of these justifications is an attempt to protect society b y ensuring proper punishment is carried out. Since crime has statistically dropped in the past 20 years we can conclude that our justice system has a positive effect on crime REFERENCES Stephens (1990) High-tech crime fighting Futurist, Jul/Aug90, Vol. 24 Issue 4, p20-20, 6p, 3 Black and White Photographs, 2 Illustrations received on October 28, 2012 Black (1998) Do Right-to-Carry Laws Deter Violent Crime? Journal of Legal Studies, January 1998, v. 27, iss. 1, pp. 209-19 received on October 28, 2012 Larrabee (2006) Punishment vs.Rehabilitation in the criminal justice system received on October 27, 2012 from http://voices. yahoo. com/punishment-vs-rehabilitation-criminal-justice-119962. html? cat=17 Britannica(2012) General Deterrence received on October 27, 2012 from http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/483544/punishment/272339/General-deterrence# Golash (2005) The case against punishment: Retribution, crime prevention and the Law New York: New York University Press, 2005. 24 0pp. Vol. 15 No. 3 (March 2005), pp. 234-237 received on October 26, 2012 from http://www. bsos. umd. edu/gvpt/lpbr/subpages/reviews/golash305. htm

Distribution Channel Management Essay

BMW Motorcycles is a division within the BMW Group. As such their mission is tied to that of the parent company. On the BMW Group website it is noted as follows:†Identifying potential and encouraging growth. Knowing what we represent. Recognizing where our strengths lie and making the best use of every opportunity. Following a clear strategy. Goals we have attained are in essence the point of departure for new challenges. This is the philosophy that inspires every individual at the BMW Group. It influences the company’s structure and it plays a vital role in the decision-making process. Our corporate ethos finds its expression in the uncompromising pursuit of the superlative. The result? Outstanding brands with an unmistakable profile. Automobiles and motorcycles which fascinate people all over the world and which win legions of new admirers every day. And a degree of success which sees the BMW Group go from strength to strength. With the three brands, BMW, MINI and Rolls-Royce Motor Cars, the BMW Group has its sights set firmly on the premium sector of the international automobile market. To achieve its aims, the company knows how to deploy its strengths with an efficiency that is unmatched in the automotive industry. From research and development to sales and marketing, BMW Group is committed to the very highest in quality for all its products and services. The company’s phenomenal success is proof of this strategy’s correctness.†BMW Motorcycles provides a robust product line following three general categories: Touring, Sport, and Enduro. Touring bikes are built for the long haul, with rider comfort as the premium. These are the motorcycles you would take on a cross country trip. Sport bikes satisfy the â€Å"need for speed† and styling trends for the younger crowd. Enduro bikes are for the adventurer is us all; these bikes are built for on or off road travel. BMW Motorcycles’ main competition comes from Japanese motorcycle companies. Most American motorcycle companies produce cruiser style bikes; BMW offers little choice in this style of motorcycle. However, each of the main Japanese manufacturers (Suzuki, Yamaha, Honda, and Kawasaki) offers motorcycles that are very similar in style and performance. Although BMW has  historically had its own niche in the market, that of the older male, it has recently branched off into more dedicated off-road and super-sport bikes. These are categories that have been historically dominated by the Japanese manufacturers. Throughout the years, BMW motorcycles have been renowned for their durability and engineering. BMW has always been on the forefront of motorcycle engineering. BMW was the first motorcycle manufacturer to offer ABS on a motorcycle. They have also revolutionized motorcycle suspensions with their Telelever anti-dive suspension and Paralever single-arm suspension. Although BMWs are more costly, that price is offset by the life cycle of the motorcycle. Until recent years there hasn’t been much of a rivalry between the Japanese manufacturers and BMW Motorcycles. BMW had its small place in the market and was not a threat to the Japanese firms. BMW Motorcycles were not known to be stylish or fast, the two categories that attract the majority of motorcycle buyers. BMW attracted more mature owners who were impressed by the machine’s reliability and durability, and who had more money to spend on a new bike. The lack of power was partly due to BMW self-imposed limitations on horsepower in motorcycles. However, these limitations were lifted in the late 1990s, and BMW began to produce super-sport bikes that rivaled the Japanese bikes, and even surpassed the Japanese competitor’s performance. Up to this point, young males were rarely interested in purchasing BMWs. They cost twice as much as the closet Japanese bikes, they were slower, and they were less attractive. In essence they were the Volvo of the motorcycle world. However, like Volvo, once BMW redesigned their product line into more powerful and stylish motorcycles, they began to quickly cut into the Japanese manufacturers’ market share. BMW motorcycles have consistently won â€Å"Best Bike† awards in various categories within the past few years. Several of these awards include â€Å"2005 & 2006 Best Touring Bike† for the R1200RT, and â€Å"2005 Best Adventure Bike† for the F650GS. BMW Motorcycles reported December 2006 sales up 36.8% over the same period in 2005. In 2005, annual sales worldwide for BMW topped  100,000 motorcycles. In 2004, approximately 5.7 million motorcycles were sold in the US, of which 12,825 were BMWs. Estimates of market share for 2005 show Honda in the lead with 24% of the market, followed by Harley-Davidson and Buell with 22.6%, Yamaha at 15.9%, Suzuki at 11.8%, Kawasaki at 9.1%, KTM at 1.7%, BMW with 1.2% and â€Å"Other† at 13.7%. Although BMW gains less than 2% of total US motorcycle sales market, they only reflect less than half of BMW’s worldwide sales. BMW sold more motorcycles in Italy (13,651 bikes), than in the US, and Spain was a close third wit h 10,002 bikes. The BMW R1200GS has been the top selling bike worldwide for the past several years. As a result, Japanese motorcycle manufacturers have recently introduced large engine dual sport bikes to their lineups to compete with the BMW. The BMW R1200RT has been increasingly sought after by police departments as their bike of choice, replacing the mainstay Kawasakis. With their ever increasing popularity and sales, BMW is becoming a threat to the Japanese manufacturers and the rivalry is growing. Two of the primary attributes for motorcycles are durability and performance. Durability is defined as the capability of withstanding wear and tear, it is measured by a products ability to perform or compete over a long period. For a motorcycle this can include engine life, the ability to conduct repairs, and retention of market value. Performance is defined as the way in which someone or something functions. For motorcycles it includes horsepower, acceleration, cornering ability, and maximum speed. Target MarketsTarget Market 1: Young Males 18-25- Generally college age males, style and performance are the biggest factors for this group. Cost could be an exclusionary criterion, as this group may not have a large cash base. Target Market 2: Adult Males (25-40)- Established professionals. Performance not as big a factor as durability or economy is. This group is willing to spend more for a higher quality product. They are style conscious, but style is not necessarily a prime factor. Target Market 3: Females (all ages)- Female motorcycle buyers are a growing market, but still small enough to treat all ages as a singular group. Female riders generally are looking for something economical and stylish. Performance is low on the list of criteria. Primary Product Categories. -Enduro . These are dual purpose motorcycles that are built for both on and off road. -High Performance. Specialized off road motorcycle. -Tour. These are bikes built for long distance rides. Comfort is number one on these bikes. -Sport. These are your speed bikes. They are built to go fast and look good. -Urban. These are the bikes built to cruise the road and get good gas mileage while they are at it. This is the commuter bike category, not flashy but dependable. EnduroHigh PerformanceTouringSportUrbanYoung Male21 / 3Adult Male11 / 3Female221Core products2Rarely sold to these individuals3Biggest purchaser of items in this categoryImportant Cells:Young Male /Sport. This is the primary product line for this target market. They are looking for style and speed. This is the category that provides those. This line is very important, as this is the largest share of the entire market. BMW has been behind in this line, and only recently become competitive within the past few years. Although they now have one of the highest performing motorcycles, it is difficult to overcome the brand recognition the Japanese motorcycles have built up in this line. The competitive advantage in this line is gained through a mix of performance and appeal, with cost also a major factor. Perceived performance and style may be more important than true performance and style. Young Male / Urban. This is a growing market the past few years. BMW is neck and neck with all its competitors to grab a share, due to the newness of this motorcycle category. This is important, because getting the recognition and sales in this product line can affect the sales of the other lines. No company currently has an advantage. The advantage can be achieved by offering a motorcycle with excellent handling, great gas mileage, at a low cost. One of BMW’s products, the F650, has been seeing robust sales due to the high MPG. BMW is poised to gain an advantage in this market, the key will be to ensure the BMW name recognition is realized within this target market. Adult Male Enduro. BMW has had the leading product in this market since the introduction of their R – GS line of bikes. This award winning product has been continually recognized and awarded for its attributes. It is the king of the hill of enduro bikes, with no true competition in sight. This bike has become on of the cornerstones of BMW motorcycles, and thus its continued success will be a direct reflection of the company. BMW has been able to sustain their advantage in this market / line by continually improving the product. Adult Male / Touring. This category has seen large growth in the past few years. BMW is poised to gain an advantage here, due in large part to the recognition they are gaining by the police forces. Police forces have been buying their R-RT models in increasing numbers for the past five years. This has had a direct impact on the sales volume of not only this product, but the touring line as a whole. The police usage has given BMW greater brand recognition. Keeping the bikes visible within police forces will be the key to maintaining their competitive advantage. There are only two real competitors in this category, the Kawasaki Concours and the Honda Goldwing. The Honda has been the leader in this line until several years ago when BMW sales began to overtake them. BMW provides better durability, performance and comfort than the competitors. These are all key attributes for this target market. BMW has been pursuing new markets and products; they also have opportunity to develop both, especially in the female rider market. In the past few years, BMW has introduced improved models of their existing motorcycles to increase their appeal to younger markets. They have greatly increased their performance and styling, both key attributes sought after by this largest target market. As a result of developing this market, profits in the young male market have soared. In addition, BMW has introduced all new models of motorcycles. Of these new models, the most notable are high performance sport bikes to appeal to the young males, and less powerful, smaller frame bikes to increase appeal to beginners and females. Since 1999 BMW has developed close to 15 new motorcycle products for introduction. Each of these bikes has seen brisk sales. BMW does not hold a competitive advantage in the motorcycle market; this is due to several factors. BMW motorcycles are expensive. In many cases they cost more than $10,000 more than their market competitor. Although BMWs are more durable than their less expensive competition, the prime market does not appear to be willing to spend the increased cost for a higher quality product. In motorcycle sales, no company holds a sustained competitive advantage. The Japanese motorcycle companies, with their powerful, inexpensive motorcycles share the competitive advantage over the American and European motorcycle companies. However, this advantage tends to shift to a different company each year as new bikes are introduced. The price points for Honda, Yamaha, Kawasaki, and Suzuki are all similar for each comparable product; with generally only several hundred dollars difference. Any competitive advantage among these companies will rarely last over a model year or two. Thus there is no sustained competitive advantage among these rivals. Due to the similarities in the product offerings between all these companies, unless some revolutionary technology is developed, it will be nearly impossible to sustain any competitive advantage. Customer satisfaction is a high priority with BMW; in 2001 BMW Motorcycles introduced the â€Å"Customer-Oriented Sales and Production Process†. This process is used from customer order to delivery. It begins with an online  ordering system which allows a BMW Motorcycle dealer to send a customer’s order directly to the manufacturing plant, eliminating wholesalers or resellers and providing instant delivery status. This system also allows the customer to change any detail of his order, up to the minute that production is begun. All BMW motorcycles and parts are built at the BMW plant in Berlin, Germany. BMW motorcycles were originally built in BMW’s historic Munich plant until the 1960s. BMW concentrates all motorcycle related production, to include many component parts in the Berlin plant. This plant can build up to 500 motorcycles a day. BMW motorcycles are built to general specification and also may be custom designed from anywhere in the world. The Berlin plant builds motorcycles to the specific requirements of the over 20 countries they deliver to. The BMW motorcycle plant in Berlin uses state-of-the-art technology. It has been recognized as the most modern motorcycle manufacturing plant in the world. Like their motorcycles, the production plant is focused on ergonomics and efficiency. In addition, the factory incorporates numerous environmental friendly processes. Many of these processes, including production water recycling, also help to cut production costs. The BMW logistics division is responsible for organizing the motorcycle production. Together with marketing, sales and production departments it plans the production schedule, generates the best production sequence and ensures timely delivery of the motorcycle to the customer. Logistic specialists plan and coordinate the delivery of material to assembly and make sure that quality parts are cost-efficiently delivered to the production line. BMW Motorcycles has more than 400 external suppliers provide some 9,000 different parts and components. These parts are delivered to BMW’s Berlin plant on time and in the correct quantities. Most of the suppliers specialize in motorcycle parts for BMW. 65 % of the suppliers are located in Germany, 34 % in Europe and 1% in USA and Japan. In 2001, BMW reengineered its distribution process to reduce costs and improve response time for dealers and parts vendors. Once the motorcycle is completely assembled, it is transported from the factory direct to the retailer who placed the customer’s order through a â€Å"Retailer Channel† method. BMW uses a variety of transportation methods including truck, rail, and sea lift ; depending on the destination of the product. In the USA, BMW motorcycles are received and distributed out of two warehouse locations in New Jersey and California. From there, they are delivered direct to the retailer. BMW Motorcycle dealers are authorized by BMW to sell the motorcycle product line, and to also provide an after sales service to BMW customers. To maintain brand image and ensure customer satisfaction is met, the dealers comply with corporate requirements and guidelines in the presentation of their facility. BMW considers corporate identity and brand image to be paramount to maximize awareness of the differences between it and its competitors. These guidelines establish standards for interior and exterior design, levels of customer service, signage, typefaces and advertising. The goal of these requirements is to maintain BMW’s prestigious reputation. In addition, BMW provides management support, training courses for all dealer staff, recruitment assistance, marketing support, and an internal comprehensive online reference system which gives immediate access to up-to-date product and corporate information. BMW’s dedication to customer service, both service visible to the consumer and services which are transparent, give it a decisive advantage within its distribution channels. By striving to provide the customer the exact product desired, in a timely manner, they have streamlined their distribution processes. In addition to providing satisfaction to the consumer, this retailer channel process has cut transportation and resale costs to the benefit of both BMW and the customer. The benefits of BMW’s â€Å"Customer-Oriented Sales and Production Process† are  that the consumer can get an individualized BMW motorcycle without having to purchase a cookie-cutter motorcycle and numerous after-market products. The customer gets his one of a kind motorcycle right off the production line. In addition, he can order his customized motorcycle and receive it in a comparatively short period of time, with instantaneous production progress status available upon request. These are benefits to the consumer that the competitors cannot provide. With Japanese manufacturers, they sell the base motorcycle with very limited options. It is a dice roll that the configuration you want is in stock locally. This level of customer service, along with the high quality of the motorcycles, creates a rabid dedication to the BMW brand. BMW motorcycle owner typically will purchase another BMW over any of the competitor’s brands. This is decidedly one of the factors giving to the steady increase in market share of BMWs, and thus proof of BMW’s competitive advantage. References1. BMW Group. http://www.bmwgroup.com2. BMW Group Mission. http://www.bmwgroup.com/bmwgroup_prod/e/nav/index.html?http://www.bmwgroup.com/bmwgroup_prod/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/unternehmen/unternehmensprofil/strategie/strategie.html3. Web Bike World. http://www.webbikeworld.com/Motorcycle-news/blog/4. Hoffman, Nicole P. An Examination of the † Sustainable Competitive Advantage† Concept: Past, Present, and FutureAcademy of Marketing Science Review [Online] 20005.BMW Berlin Manufacturing Planthttp://www.bmw-werk-berlin.de/berlin/htdocs/english/produktion/logistik/index_logistik.htmlThe Motorcycles:1.BMW Motorcycles. http://www.bmwmotorcycles.com/index.jsp2.Suzuki Motorcycles. http://www.suzukicycles.com/3.Kawasaki Motorcycles. http://www.kawasaki.com4.Yamaha Motorcycles. http://www.yamaha-motor.com5.Honda Motorcycles. http://powersports.honda.com/motorcycles